System Operations Improvements folder
Active Power Controls from Wind Power: Bridging the Gaps
This study explores technologies that can provide control of active power output from wind power. The study assesses how active power control technologies impact production costs, wind power revenue streams, and the overall reliability and security of the power system. The authors find that wind turbines have great potential to provide automatic power controls. However, careful market and control system design will be needed to realize these benefits.
Wind Integration: International Experience, WP2: Review of Grid Codes
This report reviews grid interconnection codes that relate to the performance of wind turbines, as well as requirements that can validate wind farm and turbine performance. Also reviewed are modeling requirements for simulating the performance of wind farms in the power system. Specifically, the authors examine grid codes from the UK, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Texas, Canada, and Europe.
Securing Power During the Transition
This report discusses system operations and investment in liberalized electricity markets in which greater variable RE and energy efficiency resources are being deployed. It overviews current and foreseen challenges and possible policy and regulatory solutions to improve the cost efficiency and flexibility of the grid. Chapter 3 (pg. 36) outlines operational challenges associated with significant variable RE penetration.
Integrating Variable Renewable Energy in Electric Power Markets
This report summarizes effective actions that countries have taken to integrate significant variable RE. It includes detailed case studies such as how Australia and Spain each developed and integrated advanced forecasting techniques (pg. 49 and 105), and how Spain allowed for larger balancing areas (pg. 104). The report explores additional topics and case studies, including Ireland, Denmark, Germany, and the United States.
Meeting Renewable Energy Targets in the West at Least Cost: The Integration Challenge
This report, commissioned by the Western Governors’ Association in the United States, provides an assessment of system operational measures that could reduce costs of wind and solar integration to the end-users. The report identifies challenges to adopting these measures and recommendations for action at the state level. Especially useful are the high-level and accessible explanations of these operational measures.
Network Code on Load Frequency Controls and Reserves
ENTSO-E defines a common set of minimum requirements for the European-wide power system. The requirements include load-frequency control and reserves principles to ensure the operational security of the system and cross-border cooperation between transmission system operators. The requirements may also dictate the characteristics of the grid-connected systems, consumption, and distribution systems. The code addresses the load-frequency structure, operational rules, quality criteria, reserve dimensions and exchange, sharing and distribution, and monitoring.
IVGTF Task 2.4 Report: Operating Practices, Procedures and Tools
This report details case studies of Spain, Germany, Denmark, and several balancing areas in North America and looks at the specific systems operational measures undertaken to integrate variable RE. The case studies examine how systems operators improved their situational awareness, ability to assess real-time reliability and risks, and decision support processes.
PJM Manual 3
This manual includes the instructions, rules, procedures and guidelines that were established by the PJM regional transmission operator to support operations, planning, and accounting for both the regional transmission system and the PJM energy market.
Transmission and Dispatching Operations Manual
This manual provides detailed guidance for the facilities and controls maintained by the New York Independent System Operator, a regional transmission operator. It includes sections on operations monitoring, transmission operations, scheduling operations, and dispatching operations for all generation types.
Network Codes Development Process
This document outlines the process ENTSO-E has undertaken to develop network codes that define security and reliability, connection, third-party access, data exchange and settlement, interoperability, operational procedures in an emergency, capacity allocation and congestion management, trading and related technical and operational provisions, transparency, balancing, harmonizing transmission tariff structures, and energy efficiency. The network codes’ characteristics, the role within the development process, the process itself, interpretation of the rules, and a process for maintaining the codes are included.
Order 888
Order 888 mandates that electrical services and marketing functions be disaggregated and requires utilities to provide open access to their energy rate schedules. The order also makes provisions for conventional utilities to recover stranded costs and for transmission owners to offer their services on the open market.